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Introduction. Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is still a public health problem even in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, including in Indonesia. This study aimed to analyze the incidence of DHF based on the integration of climatic factors, including rainfall, humidity, air temperature, and duration of sunlight and their distribution. Materials and Methods. This was an ecological time series study with secondary data from the Surabaya City Health Office covering the incidence of DHF and larva-free rate and climate data on rainfall, humidity, air temperature, and duration of sunlight obtained from the Meteorology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG). Silver station in Surabaya, the distribution of dengue incidence during 2018-2020. Results and Discussion. The results showed that humidity was correlated with the larvae-free rate. Meanwhile, the larva-free rate did not correlate with the number of DHF cases. DHF control is estimated due to the correlation of climatic factors and the incidence of DHF, control of vectors and disease agents, control of transmission media, and exposure to the community. Conclusions. The integration of DHF control can be used for early precautions in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic by control-ling DHF early in the period from January to June in Surabaya. It is concluded that humidity can affect the dengue outbreak and it can be used as an early warning system and travel warning regarding the relative risk of DHF outbreak.Copyright © the Author(s), 2023.
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BACKGROUND: Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is one of the endemic diseases with the highest cases in Indonesia. According to the World Health Organization data in 2020, the incidence of DHF has increased more than 8 times over the last two decades, from 505,430 cases in 2000, to more than 2.4 million in 2010 and 5.2 million in 2019. AIM: This study aims to analyzed the recovery rate of DHF patients at Dr. M. Djamil Padang Hospital during the COVID-19 period and the factors that influence it. METHOD(S): This study is a quantitative study with a retrospective cohort study design. Data were taken from the medical records of DHF patients during the COVID-19 period (March 2020-February 2022). The sampling technique used was simple random sampling. The analysis used the Kaplan-Meier, Cox Regression method, and the Cox Proportional Hazard analysis. RESULT(S): The average time it takes a patient to recover from DHF at Dr. M. Djamil Padang is 10 days. Patients who experienced the event were 32.7%, with an incidence rate of 0.061%. DHF patients at RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang, most of them were >14-years-old, male, duration of fever before hospitalization >4 days, platelet level 100,000, hematocrit level >20%, and patients using insurance. CONCLUSION(S): DHF patients aged >14 years, duration of fever before hospitalization 4 days, hematocrit level 20% had a longer recovery rate. It is recommended to the hospital to be better prepared to handle DHF patients according to risk factors and to collaborate for health education.Copyright © 2023 Masrizal Masrizal, Yudi Pradipta, Sari.
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Ninety-six million people are symptomatically infected with Dengue globally every year. Under the current standard-of-care, up to 20% of Dengue patients may be hospitalized, while only 500,000 develop Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) and require hospitalization. This leads to unnecessary overwhelming of hospitals in tropical countries during large Dengue epidemics, especially when healthcare systems are grappling with large numbers of COVID-19 patients. Our research team set out to discover biomarkers to prognosticate Dengue patients, and augment the infectious disease clinician's decision-making process to hospitalize Dengue patients. Host biomarkers with concentrations significantly different between pooled serum samples of Dengue Fever (DF) patients and DHF patients were identified using protein array. The prognostication capabilities of selected biomarkers were then validated over 283 adult Dengue patients recruited from three Singapore tertiary hospitals, prior to the diagnosis of DHF. Three biomarkers (A2M, CMA1 and VEGFA) were identified that provide independent prognostication value from one another, and from clinical parameters commonly monitored in Dengue patients. The combination of all three biomarkers was able to identify from as early as Day 1 after the onset of fever, DF patients whose conditions will deteriorate into DHF. The biomarkers are robust and able to predict DHF well when trained on different AI/ML algorithms (logistic regression, support vector machine, decision tree, random forest, AdaBoost and gradient boosting). When stacked, prediction models based on the biomarkers were able to predict DHF with 97.3% sensitivity, 92.7% specificity, 66.7% PPV, 99.6% NPV and an AUC of 0.978. To the best of our knowledge, our panel of three biomarkers offers the highest accuracy in prognosticating Dengue to date. Further studies are required to validate the biomarkers in different geographical settings and pilot their implementation as part of the standard-of-care workflow for Dengue patients. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of International Journal of Infectious Diseases is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)
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Vaccines are one of the most effective means of preventing viral infections. Since Edward Jenner invented the world's first vaccine in 1796, against smallpox, various types of vaccine have been developed, including inactivated vaccines, attenuated live vaccines, recombinant protein vaccines, viral vector vaccines and nucleic acid vaccines. Viral vector vaccines and nucleic acid vaccines （mRNA vaccines and DNA vaccines） have been developed most recently. In these vaccines, genes encoding viral proteins that serve as antigens are introduced into the body. The viral vector is an excellent vaccine delivery system that efficiently delivers antigen genes to target cells, and has been utilized for vaccine development against a variety of emerging infectious diseases, including AIDS, malaria, Ebola hemorrhagic fever, dengue fever, and most recently COVID-19. Here, we provide an overview of viral vector vaccines and discuss recent efforts to develop vaccines against emerging infectious diseases.Alternate :抄録ウイルス性感染症を予防するうえで、ワクチンは最も有効な手段の一つである。1976年、エドワード・ジェンナーが世界初のワクチンである種痘を発明して以来、さまざまなウイルス性感染症に対して、不活化ワクチン、弱毒生ワクチン、組換えタンパクワクチン、ウイルスベクターワクチン、核酸ワクチンなど、多様なプラットフォームに基づくワクチン開発が進められてきた。本稿では、数あるワクチンプラットフォームの中から、ウイルスベクターワクチンに着目して、いくつかの例をあげて概説するとともに、近年、国際的な問題となっている新興感染症に対するワクチン開発などの取り組みについても述べる。
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To analyze the population density, seasonal fluctuation of Aedes albopictus in Haizhu District, Guangzhou from 2017 to 2021, so as to provide a scientific basis for the monitoring and prevention and control of mosquito vector density of dengue fever. The data of dengue fever cases and Aedes surveillance data in Haizhu District, Guangzhou from 2017 to 2021 were collected, and the data of 2017-2019 and 2020-2021 were grouped to compare and analyze the characteristics of dengue epidemic and the density fluctuation of Aedes mosquitoes. A total of 517 dengue cases were reported in Haizhu District, Guangzhou from 2017 to 2021, of which only 7 cases were reported from 2020 to 2021, and the peak period of reported cases every year was August to November. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a positive correlation between the number of local cases and the number of imported cases(rs=0.63, P<0.05) and BI(rs=0.73, P<0.05). The peak density of Aedes was from May to October, and the differences of mean BI(X~2=1 143.40,P<0.001), MOI(X~2=188.30,P<0.001), and SSI(X~2=4 499.43,P<0.001)before and after the COVID-19 pandemic were statistically significant. In general, before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, the density of Aedes in high-risk areas was higher than that in low-risk areas. After COVID-19 pandemic, the number of reported cases and the density of Aedes in Haizhu District decreased, but the density of Aedes in the high-risk area was still higher than that in low-risk areas, and a certain risk of outbreak still existed, so the government should continue to take more precise measures to strictly prevent dengue epidemic.
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Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic that has occurred over the past 2 years has had a very significant impact on various sectors, especially public health. Indonesia, which is a tropical country, especially has to deal with cases of dengue disease which are still quite high. The government's social distancing policy that was in effect during the COVID-19 pandemic caused the control and prevention of dengue fever to be neglected by the public. Purpose(s): This study aims to increase public understanding of dengue prevention through Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and Training of Trainer (TOT) approaches. Method(s): This research was conducted using 2 approaches, namely FGD and TOT, which were followed by 15 and 30 public workers participants. The FGD and TOT were carried out by discussing and giving lectures to participants, then participants were given a pre-test and post-test question sheets. Result(s): As many as 93.3% of participants already know the causes, methods of prevention, and types of dengue mosquitoes. However, there were still 60% of participants understood the handling of mosquito larvae correctly. After the FGD and TOT were carried out, it was seen that there was an increase in participants' understanding. Conclusion(s): The FGD and TOT approaches can increase public understanding of the causes, prevention, and proper inspection of DHF mosquito larvae.Copyright © 2023, Institute of Medico-legal Publication. All rights reserved.
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India is an endemic country for dengue. The incidence of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) with dengue in children has been well-reported. However, central nervous system (CNS) HLH associated with dengue has not been described in the literature yet. We hereby report a novel case of CNS HLH triggered by dengue infection. An eight-month-old, well-grown male infant with uneventful antenatal, perinatal, and neonatal history was admitted with a history of febrile illness associated with cough, cold, vomiting, and loose motions and one episode of hematochezia and hepatosplenomegaly on examination. Investigations revealed bi-cytopenia, hyper-ferritinemia, deranged coagulation profile, liver function test, and hypo-fibrinogenemia. Dengue non-structural protein 1 ( NS1) antigen was positive. The child was given dexamethasone and continued supportive care with a diagnosis of dengue shock syndrome. The child showed an overall transient improvement, however, he had rebound fever followed by right focal convulsion on Day 9 of steroids. MRI brain revealed areas of diffusion-restricted embolic infarcts with diffuse leptomeningeal enhancement and mild cerebral edema, and CSF showed a total leukocyte count of 80 cells with 75% lymphocytic picture, histiocytes with hemophagocytosis, confirmatory of CNS HLH. Intrathecal methotrexate, hydrocortisone, and intravenous (IV) etoposide were started. However, the child succumbed to his illness. CNS involvement in dengue-triggered HLH needs to be suspected despite subtle neurological signs and aggressively managed following a multi-departmental approach to ensure the best clinical and neuro-developmental outcomes.
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Dengue hemorrhagic fever cases in Bali have increased in the past decade. Control and eradication efforts must be optimized. In order to create dengue-free zones, accurate information and a comprehensive strategy for accelerating dengue vector management are required. This paper is based on empirical, field, and epidemiological studies and program evaluations guided by the health belief model approach. In this regard, Bali's lesson on dengue cases fluctuated from 2018 to 2020. The incidence and death rates are increasing, especially during the COVID-19. Many factors affect the disease agent, the host, and the environment. The SIGAP strategy is a policy brief that is studied and implemented to accelerate dengue vector control in Bali, which includes: awareness of the importance of 4M-Plus (draining, closing, reusing used goods, and monitoring) and mosquito nest control;integration of dengue information services;using natural insecticides and larvicides;observing and reporting the presence of vectors to the larva monitoring officer;and regular monitoring weekly. Implementing the SIGAP strategy can reduce dengue vectors and speed up the process of getting rid of dengue disease in Bali. © 2023, Intelektual Pustaka Media Utama. All rights reserved.
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BACKGROUND AND AIM: Dengue is a viral febrile infectious disease characterized by mild symptoms that can progress to dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). Due to socioeconomic and environmental reasons, it is a significant public health problem in Brazil with high morbidity rates among children. The objective is to analyze the epidemiological behavior of dengue and DHF hospitalizations in Brazil and point out the importance of health surveillance. METHOD(S): Data were collected from the Sistema de Informacoes Hospitalares of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The study population was children from zero to 14 years old diagnosed with classic dengue and/or DHF from January 2008 to November 2021 in Brazil. The variables analyzed were hospitalizations and deaths over the years, hospitalization time and expenses. RESULT(S): A total of 192,424 hospitalizations for dengue and DHF were reported, of which 95.3% were considered medical emergencies. Its epidemiological behavior has fluctuated over the years, with an increase of 162.0% between 2017 and 2019, followed by a decreasing trend starting in 2020. Despite the low mortality rate (0.24%), this scenario was responsible for $12,347,942.38 in expenses and a total of 652,552 hospitalization days. CONCLUSION(S): Dengue is responsible for a major socioeconomic impact on Brazilian's public health system since its severe cases require intensive care to avoid shock, organ failure and death. Due to COVID-19 pandemic and population's fear of contamination in medical facilities, underreporting of arboviruses cases was observed. Since early diagnosis and monitoring are predictors of good prognosis, it is crucial to encourage notification, epidemiological surveillance and sanitary hygiene measures.
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Background: COVID-19 pandemic has become a serious issue worldwide, as a novel disease with various manifestations and symptoms, many of which are still unknown till date. Coagulopathy is a well-known manifestation in COVID-19, which also commonly presents in patients with Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF). Aim(s): This study aimed to analyse the differences in prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and D-dimer level between COVID-19 and DHF children. Method(s): This is a single-centre prospective cohort study, conducted from April 2020 to September 2021 in R D Kandou General Hospital, Manado, Indonesia. All children aged 1 -< 18 years old diagnosed with Confirmed COVID-19 or DHF (according to WHO 2011 criteria) were checked for PT, aPTT, and D-dimer on the day of admission;after obtained informed consent from their parents/ guardians. Subjects were then grouped into Confirmed COVID-19 group and DHF group, in regards to their respective diagnosis. Data of coagulation markers between groups were analysed with t-test, power 0.80, alpha 0.05, significant P < 0.05 using SPSS version 25.0. Result(s): This study gathered 107 subjects, consisting of 46 COVID-19 and 61 DHF subjects. Out of three laboratory markers, patients in COVID-19 group had significant PT prolongation compared to DHF group (16.56 +/- 7.1" vs. 13.0 +/- 1.75", respectively, p < 0.001). On the other hand, DHF group showed increasing trend of D-dimer value and aPTT compared with COVID-19 group, although no statistically significant. Conclusion(s): This study finds significant PT prolongation in children with COVID-19 compared to those of DHF. However, there were no significant difference of aPTT and D-dimer between COVID-19 and DHF children.
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Globalization and high-speed means of transportation contribute to the spread of infections dangerous to humans. Airborne pathogens have pandemic potential as currently shown in case of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Natural focal Lassa fever (LF) common in West African countries, in 35 cases was registered in non-endemic geographical areas because any person infected with Lassa virus (LASV) is a long-term source of infection (up to two months). Cases of person-to-person infection in endemic territories are described. In Germany, the facts of secondary virus transmission from patients to doctors have been recorded during the examination and blood collection from an apparently healthy person as well as during the autopsy of a deceased subjects due to severe LF course. Nonspecific malaise symptoms in LF are also characteristic of numerous other diseases common on the African continent, e.g., malaria and typhoid fever or viral infections such as yellow fever, Chikungunya, dengue and Zika, monkey pox and Ebola virus disease. In this regard, there may be similar dermatological manifestations. Timely detection of cases and differential diagnosis are crucial to ensure safe patient care and use of affordable antiviral therapy for LL provided by the drug Ribavirin. Research methods for study ing LASV use polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detecting viral RNA, electron microscopy, isolation of infectious virus cultured sensitive cells, indirect immunofluorescence reaction, enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) and immunochromatographic assays for the detection of antibodies and/or antigen as well as immunoblotting. Currently, test kits based on molecular and genetic methods are mainly used for LF laboratory diagnostics. Since the 1980s, ribavirin has been used to treat patients with LF. The serum accumulation of the drug in large quantities causes hemolysis, development of anemia and impaired renal function. In this regard, treatment options are being considered with decline in its concentration due to combined use with other antiviral drugs. A search for new therapeutic agents capable of inhibiting viral replication at disease early stage has been in progress due to lack of any approved vaccines. (English) [ FROM AUTHOR] Глобализация и скоростные средства передвижения способствуют распространению инфекций, опасных для человека. Патогены, передаваемые воздушно-капельным путем, обладают пандемическим потенциалом, как в настоящее время показано на примере нового коронавируса SARS-CoV-2. Природно-очаговая лихорадка Ласса (ЛЛ), распространенная в странах западной Африки, в 35 случаях была зарегистрирована на неэндемичных географических районах, так как человек, инфицированный вирусом Ласса (Lassa virus, LASV), является источником инфекции длительное время (до двух месяцев). На эндемичных территориях описаны случаи заражения при передаче вируса «от человека к человеку». В Германии зафиксированы факты вторичной передачи вируса от пациентов врачам при осмотре и взятии крови у внешне здорового человека, а также при вскрытии погибшего в результате тяжелого течения ЛЛ. Неспецифические симптомы недомогания при ЛЛ характерны и для других многочисленных заболеваний, распространенных на африканском континенте, например, при малярии и брюшном тифе или при вирусных инфекциях - это желтая лихорадка, лихорадки Чикунгунья, денге и Зика, оспа обезьян и болезнь, вызванная вирусом Эбола. При протекании этих болезней могут быть и схожие дерматологические проявления. Своевременное выявление заболевших и дифференциальная диагностика имеют решающее значение для обеспечения безопасного ухода за пациентами и применения доступной противовирусной терапии (при ЛЛ это препарат рибавирин). Методы научных исследований LASV включают: анализы на основе полимеразной цепной реакции (ПЦР) по определению вирусной РНК, электронную микроскопию, выделение инфекционного вируса на культуре чувствительных клеток, реакцию непрямой иммунофлуоресценции (РНИФ), иммуноферментный (ИФА) и иммунохроматографический (ИХА) анализы по выявлению антител и/или антигена, а также иммуноблоттинг. Для диагностики ЛЛ в настоящее время, в основном, используют тест-системы на основе молекулярно-генетических методов. С 80-х гг. XX в. и до сих пор для лечения пациентов с ЛЛ используют рибавирин, но накопление этого препарата в плазме в больших количествах вызывает гемолиз, развитие анемии и нарушение функции почек. В связи с этим рассматриваются варианты лечения при уменьшении его концентрации за счет сочетанного использования с другими противовирусными препаратами. Идет поиск новых терапевтических средств, способных ингибировать вирусную репликацию на ранней стадии болезни, так как зарегистрированные вакцины отсутствуют. (Russian) [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Russian Journal of Infection & Immunity is the property of National Electronic-Information Consortium and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)
ABSTRACT
Background: Dengue hemorrhagic fever cases increased significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic phase. Purpose: This study defines, describes, and evaluates the dengue hemorrhagic fever incidence in Bali Province from 2015 to 2020 and in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To discuss the neurological complications of dengue virus (DENV) infection and their pathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS: Include recognition of the four different serotypes of DENV and their epidemiology as well as recognition of the expanded dengue syndrome encompassing multisystem involvement in the severe form of the disease including involvement of the central nervous system (CNS). DENV is a neurotropic virus with the ability to infect the supporting cells of the CNS. Neural injury during the acute stage of the infection results from direct neuro-invasion and/or the phenomenon of antibody-dependent enhancement, resulting in plasma leakage and coagulopathy. Immune mechanisms have been implicated in the development of the delayed neurological sequelae through molecular mimicry. A myriad of neurological syndromes has been described as a result of the involvement of the CNS, the peripheral nervous system (PNS), or both. Neurological manifestations in DENV infection are increasingly being recognized, some of which are potentially fatal if not treated promptly. DENV encephalopathy and encephalitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of other acute febrile encephalopathies, autoimmune encephalitides, and in cases of encephalopathy/encephalitis related to SARS-CoV2 infection, especially in dengue-endemic areas. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) may be occasionally encountered. Clinicians should be knowledgeable of the expanded dengue syndrome characterized by the concurrent compromise of cardiac, neurological, gastrointestinal, renal, and hematopopoietic systems. Isolated cranial nerve palsies occur rather uncommonly and are often steroid responsive. These neuropathies may result from the direct involvement of cranial nerve nuclei or nerve involvement or may be immune-mediated. Even if the diagnosis of dengue is confirmed, it is absolutely imperative to exclude other well-known causes of isolated cranial nerve palsies. Ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes may occur following dengue fever. The pathogenesis may be beyond the commonly observed thrombocytopenia and include cerebral vasculitis. Involvement of ocular blood vessels may cause maculopathy or retinal hemorrhages. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is uncommon and possibly related to dysregulated cytokine release phenomena. Lastly, any patient developing acute neuromuscular weakness during the course or within a fortnight of remission from dengue fever must be screened for acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP), hypokalemic paralysis, or acute myositis. Rarely, a Miller-Fisher-like syndrome with negative anti-GQ1b antibody may develop.
Subject(s)
Brain Diseases , COVID-19 , Dengue , Encephalitis , Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome , Dengue/complications , Dengue/diagnosis , Dengue/pathology , Humans , Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome/complications , RNA, Viral , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
In December 2021, a total of 64 infectious diseases were reported globally, affecting 228 countries and regions. Except for influenza, the top five infectious diseases affecting greatest number of countries and regions were corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19, 228), measles (29), dengue fever (28), cholera (12) and chikungunya fever (9). The top five infectious diseases with highest case fatality rates were Ebola virus disease (81.8%), Middle East respiratory syndrome (34.4%), yellow fever (22.0%), Lassa fever (20.0%) and plague (10.8%). The top five infectious diseases with greatest number of deaths were COVID-19, malaria, measles, dengue fever and cholera. The prevalent infectious diseases in Asia were COVID-19 and dengue fever, the prevalent infectious diseases in Africa were COVID-19, cholera, yellow fever, plague, Lassa fever, poliomyelitis, malaria and measles, the prevalent infectious diseases in America were COVID-19, dengue fever, chikungunya fever and Zika virus disease, the prevalent infectious disease in Europe was COVID-19.
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This special issue contains 58 articles that discuss COVID-19 in relation to other diseases. Topics include dengue fever, tuberculosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, antiretroviral shortage amidst the pandemic, measles, reinfection by 2 genetically distinct SARS-CoV-2 viruses, Lassa fever, molecular biology of SARS-CoV-2 proteins, dermatological manifestation of COVID-19, immunosuppressive therapy in COVID-19-positive patients, rapid antigen tests for detection of COVID-19, among others.
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BACKGROUND: A digital surveillance system for dengue control has the potential to be developed in reporting and management. The increasing number of dengue cases requires an integrated case reporting system. AIM: This study aims to evaluate paper-based systems and the potential development of digital environmental technology in dengue control. METHODS: In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted using 14 key informants with the head of the city health office, the head of the Puskesmas, the head of dengue surveillance, the head of the dengue hemorrhagic fever program. Four focus group discussions with the jumantik coordinator, and the village head from May-August 2021 in Denpasar City, Bali. The theme of the interview was about epidemiological and entomological surveillance, obstacles to the dengue control program, the potential for applying digital technology, and the challenges of applying digital surveillance technology. Furthermore, open-ended questions and content analysis by qualitative study procedures were adopted. Transcribed verbatim and triangulation of sources were conducted for data validation. RESULTS: The reporting system that used paper-based was not optimally implemented due to repetition of reporting, speed of information, data bias, performance measurement as well as case surveillance and reporting system constraints. An integrated digital environmental surveillance system (SILIRA) was also developed for dengue control. In the current Covid-19 pandemic, the need for digital applications is high due to the policy of not accepting guests and keeping a distance. Epidemiological surveillance for case data collection, entomological surveillance for larva density, case reporting, and educational videos are the required data in the application. CONCLUSION: Digital environmental surveillance has the potential to be used for dengue control. Through an integrated digital surveillance system, policies for dengue control can be carried out quickly and precisely.
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BACKGROUND: Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a dengue virus infection transmitted by Aedes spp. Climate has a profound influence on mosquito breeding. Palembang has the highest rate of DHF in South Sumatra. AIM: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the components of climate factors and the incidence of DHF in Palembang. METHODS: This study was cross sectional, with an observational analytic approach. The Palembang City Health Office compiled data on DHF incidence rates from 2016 to 2020. Climatic factor data (rainfall, number of rainy days, temperature, humidity, wind speed, and sun irradiance) were collected from the Climatology Station Class I Palembang – BMKG Station and Task Force that same year. The Spearman test was used to conduct the correlation test. RESULTS: Between 2016 and 2020, there were 3398 DHF patients. From January to May, DHF increased. There was a significant correlation between rainfall (r = 0.320;p = 0.005), number of rainy days (r = 0.295;p = 0.020), temperature (r = 0.371;p = 0.040), and humidity (r = 0.221;p = 0.024), wind speed (r = 0.76;p = 0.492), and sunlight (r = 0.008;p = 0.865). CONCLUSION: Rainfall, the number of rainy days, and temperature were three climatic factors determining the increase in dengue incidence. Vector control approach must start around October, 2 months before the high DHF cases in Palembang.
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Might COVID-19 vaccines sensitize humans to antibody-dependent enhanced (ADE) breakthrough infections? This is unlikely because coronavirus diseases in humans lack the clinical, epidemiological, biological, or pathological attributes of ADE disease exemplified by dengue viruses (DENV). In contrast to DENV, SARS and MERS CoVs predominantly infect respiratory epithelium, not macrophages. Severe disease centers on older persons with preexisting conditions and not infants or individuals with previous coronavirus infections. Live virus challenge of animals given SARS or MERS vaccines resulted in vaccine hypersensitivity reactions (VAH), similar to those in humans given inactivated measles or respiratory syncytial virus vaccines. Safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines must avoid VAH.